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Put the caraway seeds in a small skillet over medium-high heat. Toast, stirring constantly, until fragrant and slightly darkened, 2 to 3 minutes. Immediately transfer to a bowl to cool. Grind in a spice grinder or mortar and pestle. Set aside.
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Heat oven to 160°C.
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In a large Dutch oven or other heavy pot, heat the butter and oil over medium-high until shimmering. Working in batches, brown the beef on two sides until dark and crusty, transferring it to a bowl when browned. Set aside.
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When all the meat is browned, add onions to the empty pot and raise heat to medium-high.
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Add the onions and sugar and saute, stirring frequently, until the onions turn a medium caramel-brown, about 7 minutes. Stir in the caraway and garlic and cook, stirring, 1 minute longer.
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Add both paprikas, marjoram, thyme, and bay leaf. Saute, stirring, until fragrant, about 1 minute longer.
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Stir in the tomato paste and vinegar. Add the broth, raise the heat, and bring to a boil, stirring and scraping with a wooden spoon to deglaze the pan deposits.
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Return beef and any juices in the bowl to the pot and season with salt, and pepper.
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Reduce the heat to maintain a very gentle simmer and cook, partially covered, until the beef is very tender, about 1-1/2 hours, stirring occasionally.
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Before serving, taste the sauce and adjust the seasonings, if necessary, with salt and pepper. Serve on heated plates or in large shallow serving bowls, with spaetzle on the side.